The Nature of Knowledge
To humans, learning is like breathing–it comes naturally. What a human learns, however, is not natural and depends on the needs of the individual, the time she lives in, and what is available for her to learn. A thousand years ago, ‘book’ knowledge was the province of the Church and of the elite (usually male). Over the next two hundred years, formal education became more widespread. Cambridge University, for example, was founded in 1209 by a group of men dissatisfied with Oxford. When a man went to the university, his education began with the seven liberal arts: Latin grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. After he received his Master of Arts, he could choose to study law, medicine, philosophy, or theology, upon which he would receive his doctorate. Knowledge, however, is not necessarily just ‘book learning’. While this afternoon my Read more…
Toxic Beauty
The Associated Press reported this story two days ago: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1236916/Dying-look-good-French-kings-mistress-killed-gold-elixir-youth.html A mistress of the French King Henry II died from her beauty regime which involved drinking liquid gold, designed to prolong her youthful allure. The story reads: “The French court believed gold harnessed the power of the Sun, which would be transferred to the drinker. Alchemists often acted as apothecaries and prescribed solutions made up of gold chloride and diethyl ether.” This, of course, is hardly the first instance of toxic beauty regimens. The modern Botox injection or silicon breast implant are only two examples, but both women and men have harmed themselves–not always unknowingly–throughout history. Galena, for example, or lead sulfide, a toxic substance, has been used in kohl since ancient Egypt. This site talks about the use of lead in Ancient Rome: http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/perspect/lead.htm “Lead was a key component in Read more…
Time Travel part II
In terms of modern inventions that could be implemented in the Middle Ages, with the available technology, there are two which seemed most likely to make a difference to medieval people. The first was simple sterilization: washing hands, submersing implements and wounds in alcohol, and boiling. Just taking these precautions could decrease rates of infections as well as keeping mothers who would have otherwise died of childbed fever alive. The second is gunpowder, or rather, ‘black powder’, which is its earlier incarnation. It is made of charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate or saltpeter (found, for example, in bat guano). It had actually been invented by the mide 1200s, but wasn’t put to broad use in Europe until the mid-1300s, when it was being made on a broad scale for the English crown. To return to 1282 Wales, then, and be able produce Read more…
Twilight of Avalon Video
Anna Elliott, who posted on this blog not long ago, has just released a video for her book Twilight of Avalon, the first in a trilogy. The next book, Dark Moon of Avalon will appear in May 2010. In the meantime, enjoy her video and buy her book! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wpj6WItY_Qc Twilight of Avalon: She is a healer, a storyteller, a warrior, and a queen without a throne. In the shadow of King Arthur’s Britain, one woman knows the truth that could save a kingdom from the hands of a tyrant… Ancient grudges, old wounds, and the quest for power rule in the newly widowed Queen Isolde’s court. Hardly a generation after the downfall of Camelot, Isolde grieves for her slain husband, King Constantine, a man she secretly knows to have been murdered by the scheming Lord Marche — the man who Read more…
Wisdom Teeth
Although within fiction and movies, there is a sense that hygiene was poor and few people lived into adulthood with all their teeth intact, people did care for their teeth in the Middle Ages. Herbs and mouthwashes existed that allowed people to do so: http://www.gallowglass.org/jadwiga/herbs/teeth.html At the same time, it is certainly true that tooth extraction was extremely common, and probably one of the few means of dealing with a rotten tooth. http://www.ada.org/public/resources/history/timeline_midlage.asppeople If people didn’t care for their teeth, they lost them, as the following image clearly indicates (copyright to the British Library Board). I’ve been rereading Ellis Peters’ Brother Cadfael series. These books are a joy to read, if only because Peters is a master of her craft and it is enjoyable to note how beautifully she strings words together. But she also writes about an area of the Read more…
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