09/27/11

Ironclad (2011) — Movie Review

Ironclad begins with the background that King John was known for losing wars, levying taxes, and sleeping with other men’s wives.  He lost a bloody civil war with his barons that resulted in him signing the Magna Carta.  Fair enough, as far as it goes.  The movie, however, says that it’s about ‘what John did next’.

Which is interesting because this is a small medieval movie in the way that Kingdom of Heaven was big.  It is an interesting choice, because the movie is about John’s seige of Rochester Castle, which was one play in his continuing war against the barons.   It centers on Thomas Marshall, a Templar.  Supposedly, the Templars fought on the side of the Barons in the Civil War–I have no idea if this is true but for the movie’s purposes, it resulted in King John’s hatred of all Templars.

The Good:

The acting is quite good.  As my mother likes to say, there are only a dozen working actors in Britain at any one time, and they all cycle through the movie of the day, so this one has Derek Jacobi (Brother Cadfael) as the reluctant host of the rebels at Rochester Castle, and Brian Cox (Agamemnon in Troy) as the rebel leader, among many others.  http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1233301/fullcredits#cast

Trebuchets!  http://www.sarahwoodbury.com/?p=2739

For our purposes here, the whole movie was shot in Wales in 2009.  Brian Cox says:   “It’s the story, first of all. This one is an amazing story, and I hadn’t known anything about it. It has a classical feel to it, and it reminded me of The Magnificent Seven and Seven Samurai, because of these seven characters, which is a cross-reference to that. And the fact that it was a film which was being done in a particular location and a particular environment. I liked the idea of being in Wales, and I thought it was very interesting that they were filming it in Wales. A very wet Wales, as it turned out, some of the worst conditions ever.”  http://www.movieweb.com/news/exclusive-brian-cox-talks-ironclad

It’s in Wales, right?  What did they expect :)

The Bad:

It took a while for me to find my feet in this movie, and given my familiarity with British history, I can’t imagine this is a good thing.  John brought in mercenaries, but where they were from wasn’t clear until much later.  It seemed to me that significant portions were cut, leaving parts of the plot unexplained.  For example, John knew that he’d lost Rochester to the rebels, even though he’d sent men to commandeer it and the rebels had just defeated them.  With seven men.  I kid you not.

He brought his seige weapons with him, which he would never have done–they were too heavy to move and were always built on the spot–but despite them, somehow 20 men repelled 1000.  I could have understood it if King John’s army hadn’t brought ladders right up to the walls and come over them.  The defenders didn’t even have elvish archers to help out!  Crazy stuff.

This was a REALLY violent movie, and this coming from someone who liked Kingdom of Heaven.  I realize that violence washes over people these days, but if you don’t want to see tongues cut out, limbs sawed off (this took WAY too long), and other brutal acts of imagined medieval savagery, don’t watch this movie.

In contrast to Robin Hood (2010), which I reviewed here (http://www.sarahwoodbury.com/?p=1024), this movie was a lot less fun.  And smaller, as I said, in that the entire point was to showcase bloody battle after bloody battle, with a slight romance thrown in (the Templar with Derek Jacobi’s wife, imagine that!) for good measure.  Happily, the squire, Guy, survives.  Given his stunned ineptness, this seems incredible, given the number of seasoned warriors who make it out of this movie alive (that would be one, our hero).

Wikipedia notes:  “The film is only loosely based on reality: Albaney had 140 men under his command to defend the castle; John did take the castle, most of the higher nobles being imprisoned or banished; and the French did not arrive in England until some six months after the siege had ended. Characters departing significantly from the historical record include William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke who was not a Templar Knight, William d’Aubigny who was not an ennobled wool merchant (nor was he tortured and killed in the siege).”  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad_(film)

I don’t know what kind of stars to give this.  Three, maybe.  With extra points for filming it in Wales and being medieval.

 

09/25/11

The Evolution of Welsh

The first thing you learn in linguistics is that languages evolve.  The second is that they are arbitrary.   This does not mean language isn’t important, or that it isn’t integral to culture. (see this article on Quebec’s policing of language).  It does mean that there is nothing inherent in the word ‘spoon’ that denotes the rounded tool with which you cook or eat.

Medieval Welsh, or Middle Welsh, was the language spoken in the 12th to 14th centuries.  Like when a modern English-speaker attempts to read Chaucer in English, it is possible for a modern Welsh speaker to read middle Welsh, which is the language of much of the Welsh literature (Four Tales of the Mabinogi, for example) that we have, although the tales themselves are much older.  You can find out about learning it here:

http://www.celt.dias.ie/publications/cat/cat_h.html#H.2

The root of the changes between medieval and modern Welsh lie in what linguists call ‘mutations’, mostly in initial consonents.  This site (http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~klausner/MUT.html) can help with that.

Old Welsh, on the other hand, is different yet again and not readily intelligible to Welsh readers.  This language dates from around 800 AD to the 12th century.   It is important to point out, however, that it is very hard to know if the pronunciation of words changed as much as the writing changed.  We cannot hear people reading these ancient documents out loud.  They may have pronounced words similarly to modern Welsh, but simply spelled the words differently.

Primitive Welsh dates to 550 AD, and derives from what linguists call British, or Brythonic, one of the Celtic insular languges which also includes Breton and Cornish.

http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1166-16

This language borrowed heavily from Latin, not surprising since Rome ruled Britain from 43 to 411 AD.   An easy example of this is the Latin word, ‘draco’, which becomes ‘draig’ in Welsh and ‘dragon’ in English.  Many of these words with Latin roots have to do with religion, again not surprising given the use of Latin in the Christian Church:  “Sacramentum” has become sacrafen; “episcopus”, esgob; “ecclesia”, eglwys; “altar”, allor; “Caresima”, Carawys; and so on.”

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15532a.htm

The language spoken by the earliest Britains can only be guessed at as some proto-Brythonic, pre-Celtic language.  The people of Britain, prior to the coming of the Romans, were not literate, so there is no record of them or their history, beyond the material remains uncovered by archaeologists.

09/22/11

Introducing . . . The Good Knight (A Medieval Mystery)

Intrigue, suspicion, and rivalry among the royal princes casts a shadow on the court of Owain, king of north Wales…

The year is 1143 and King Owain seeks to unite his daughter in marriage with an allied king.  But when the groom is murdered on the way to his wedding, the bride’s brother tasks his two best detectives—Gareth, a knight, and Gwen, the daughter of the court bard—with bringing the killer to justice.

And once blame for the murder falls on Gareth himself, Gwen must continue her search for the truth alone, finding unlikely allies in foreign lands, and ultimately uncovering a conspiracy that will shake the political foundations of Wales.

The Good Knight is available NOW at Amazon, Amazon UK and

at Smashwords:  http://www.smashwords.com/books/view/90803

09/20/11

Sample Tuesday! The Good Knight (A Medieval Mystery)

This is the first three chapters of my new medieval mystery, The Good Knight!  Enjoy :)

Chapter One

August, 1143 AD

Gwynedd (North Wales)

 

Look at you, girl.” 

Gwen’s father, Meilyr, tsked under his breath and brought his borrowed horse closer to her side of the path.  He’d been out of sorts since early morning when he’d found his horse lame and King Anarawd and his company of soldiers had left the castle without them, refusing to wait for Meilyr to find a replacement mount.  Anarawd’s men-at-arms would have provided Meilyr with the fine escort he coveted. 

“You’ll have no cause for complaint once we reach Owain Gwynedd’s court.” A breeze wafted over Gwen’s face and she closed her eyes, letting her pony find his own way for a moment.  “I won’t embarrass you at the wedding.” 

“If you cared more for your appearance, you would have been married yourself years ago and given me grandchildren long since.”

Gwen opened her eyes, her forehead wrinkling in annoyance.  “And whose fault is it that I’m unmarried?”  Her fingers flexed about the reins but she forced herself to relax.  Her present appearance was her own doing, even if her father found it intolerable.  In her bag, she had fine clothes and ribbons to weave through her hair, but saw no point in sullying any of them on the long journey to Aber Castle. 

King Owain Gwynedd’s daughter was due to marry King Anarawd in three days’ time.  Owain Gwynedd had invited Gwen, her father, and her twelve-year old brother, Gwalchmai, to furnish the entertainment for the event, provided King Owain and her father could bridge the six years of animosity and silence that separated them.  Meilyr had sung for King Owain’s father, Gruffydd; he’d practically raised King Owain’s son, Hywel.  But six years was six years.  No wonder her father’s temper was short.

Even so, she couldn’t let her father’s comments go.  Responsibility for the fact that she had no husband rested firmly on his shoulders.  “Who refused the contract?”

“Rhys was a rapscallion and a laze-about,” Meilyr said.

And you weren’t about to give up your housekeeper, maidservant, cook, and child-minder to just anyone, were you?

But instead of speaking, Gwen bit her tongue and kept her thoughts to herself.  She’d said it once and received a slap to her face.  Many nights she’d lain quiet beside her younger brother, regretting that she hadn’t defied her father and stayed with Rhys.  They could have eloped; in seven years, their marriage would have been as legal as any other.  But her father was right and Gwen wasn’t too proud to admit it:  Rhys had been a laze-about.  She wouldn’t have been happy with him.  Rhys’ father had almost cried when Meilyr had refused Rhys’ offer.  It wasn’t only daughters who were sometimes hard to sell.

“Father!” Gwalchmai brought their cart to a halt.  “Come look at this!”

“What now?” Meilyr said.  “We’ll have to spend the night at Caerhun at present rate.  You know how important it is not to keep King Owain waiting.”

“But Father!” Gwalchmai leapt from the cart and ran forward.

“He’s serious.” Gwen urged her pony after him, passing the cart, and then abruptly reined in beside her brother.  Mary, Mother of God…”

A slight rise and sudden dip in the path ahead had hidden the carnage until they were upon it.  Twenty men and an equal number of horses lay dead in the road, their bodies contorted and their blood soaking the brown earth.  Gwalchmai bent forward and retched into the grass beside the road.  Gwen’s stomach threatened to undo her too, but she fought the bile down and dismounted to wrap her arms around her brother.

Meilyr reined in beside his children.  “Stay back.” 

Gwen glanced at her father and then back to the scene, noticing for the first time a man kneeling among the wreckage, one hand to a dead man’s chest and the other resting on the hilt of his sheathed sword.  The man straightened and Gwen’s breath caught in her throat.

Gareth. 

He’d cropped his dark brown hair shorter than when she’d known him, but his blue eyes still reached into the core of her.  Her heart beat a little faster as she drank him in.  Five years ago, Gareth had been a man-at-arms in the service of Prince Cadwaladr, King Owain Gwynedd’s brother.  Gareth and Gwen had become friends, and then more than friends, but before he could ask her father for her hand, Gareth had a falling out with Prince Cadwaladr.  In the end, Gareth hadn’t been able to persuade Meilyr that he could support her despite his lack of station.

Gwen was so focused on Gareth that she wasn’t aware of the other men among them—live ones—until they approached her family.  A half dozen converged on them at the same time.  One caught her upper arm in a tight grip.  Another grabbed Meilyr’s bridle.  “Who are you?” the soldier said.

Meilyr stood in the stirrups and pointed a finger at Gareth.  “Tell them who I am!”

Gareth came forward, his eyes flicking from Meilyr to Gwalchmai to Gwen.  He was broader in the shoulders, too, than she remembered. 

“They are friends,” Gareth said.  “Release them.”

And to Gwen’s astonishment, the man-at-arms who held her obeyed Gareth.  Could it be that in the years since she’d last seen him, Gareth had regained something of what he’d lost? 

Gareth halted by Meilyr’s horse.  “I was sent from Aber to meet King Anarawd and escort him through Gwynedd.  He wasn’t even due to arrive at Dolwyddelan Castle until today, but …”  He gestured to the men on the ground.  “Clearly, we were too late.”

Gwen looked past Gareth to the murdered men in the road. 

“Turn away, Gwen,” Gareth said.

But Gwen couldn’t.  The blood—on the dead men, on the ground, on the knees of Gareth’s breeches—mesmerized her.  The men here had been slaughtered.  Her skin twitched at the hate in the air.  “You mean King Anarawd is—is—is among them?” 

“The King is dead,” Gareth said. 

 

 

 

Chapter Two

 

Could this situation be worse?  Gareth couldn’t imagine how.  Facing Gwen over a handful of dead bodies was one thing—not pleasant, but something with which he could cope.  It was something else entirely to face Gwen’s father after not seeing either of them since Meilyr had rejected Gareth’s offer for Gwen.  Meilyr oozed resentment, as if a better life could have been had than singing for the lords and kings of Wales.  At least Gwen’s presence indicated that he’d not restrained her more than needful, nor sold her to the highest bidder.  That she stood in front of him as beautiful as ever, and as if the intervening years had never happened, took his breath away. 

At the sight of her, he wanted to either punch the air in exaltation or pull her into his arms, but did neither.  Instead, he said, “Are there more of you?  Are you traveling with a company?”

“No.” Gwen looked up at him, tears in the corners of her eyes. “We’d hoped to ride alongside King Anarawd, but my father’s horse went lame and delayed us at Dolwyddelan.  The King and his men left without us.”

“Praise God they did,” Meilyr said.  “If we’d traveled with him, we’d be dead too.” 

Leave it to him to think about his own skin first, though in this instance, Gareth couldn’t blame him.  If he’d had Gwen and Gwalchmai to protect, he’d have felt the same way. 

“Gwalchmai seems a sturdy lad,” Gareth said.  “If I give him my horse, can he ride back to Dolwyddelan?  We need carts to transport the dead.  It’s only a few miles—”

“I know how far it is,” Meilyr said, reverting to his habitual scorn.  “We’ve just come that distance.”

That told Gareth all he needed to know about the state of Meilyr’s nerves.  It was bad enough for Meilyr to ride into Aber Castle after so many years away and ask King Owain Gwynedd for entrance, even if he’d been invited.  It was quite another to do the same with the dead body of the bridegroom thrown over his horse.

“Do you have any idea who did this?” Gwen said. 

“Not specifically.” Gareth forced his eyes away from her, willing to talk to Gwen but not wanting to relate what he knew in front of Gwalchmai and Meilyr. 

“Did you see anyone on the road to the north?”  Gwen stepped closer to him and his arm itched to go around her.  He stayed his hand.  They’d fallen in love shortly after Meilyr’s falling out with King Owain, but now hadn’t spoken for five years.  Their last words, while not thrown at each other in anger, had been full of pain.  Christ.  I was more a child than she was, for all I’ve seven years on her. 

“No.  I would have expected more traffic, given the upcoming wedding.”  Gareth glanced at Anarawd’s body and added “—which won’t be taking place now.” 

“Why would anyone want to stop Anarawd from marrying Elen?” Gwalchmai asked this with all the innocence of a twelve-year old.  “It’s a perfect match.” 

“I don’t know about that,” Gareth said, “but it looks as if the men who ambushed Anarawd chose the perfect moment.”

“Perfect?” Meilyr’s voice was full of outrage.

“I apologize for the poor choice of words,” Gareth said, suppressing his irritation at how quickly Meilyr grew angry.  “I only meant that they must have planned this very carefully, as well as had fortune on their side.”

Her hand to her throat, Gwen stared at the dead men.  Their bodies lay as if a giant had tumbled them together.  Gareth thought about taking her arm after all, fearing she’d retreated dangerously inside herself and might be going into shock.

But then she spoke.  “No company of men could cause so much death and leave nothing of themselves behind.  There must be something here we can link to their identity.  A token, a fallen surcoat, something…”

“Don’t—” Gareth reached a hand to stop her from entering the battlefield but in one step she moved out of his range.

“Let her be,” Meilyr said, his voice back to a growl, but not as disapproving as Gareth might have expected, given that his daughter picked her way among the dead.  “It’s not the first time she’s been a part of a scene like this.”

“What do you mean?” Gareth said.

“She spies for Owain’s son, Hywel.” Gwalchmai blurted out the words and then swallowed hard at Gareth’s incredulous look. 

“You’re not serious.” Gareth glanced from Meilyr to Gwalchmai, who gave him a weak smile.  “You are serious?”

“She didn’t ask my permission, if that’s what you mean,” Meilyr said.  “Just told me one day that I might stop her from marrying the man she wanted—that would be you—but she was going to follow her own road in this and I didn’t have any say in the matter.”  Meilyr dismounted, his legs jerking stiffly.  “Not a thing I could do to stop her.”

Gareth barked a laugh.  “If I remember anything about her, I remember that.”  He turned to Gwalchmai and handed him his own horse’s reins.  “Here, boy.  Don’t stop for anything or anyone.”

“What about the men who did this?” Gwalchmai’s voice trembled as he asked this question but then he firmed his chin.

Gareth placed a hand on the boy’s shoulder to reassure him. “They’re surely gone by now.  And they wouldn’t be on the road to Dolwyddelan, regardless.” 

“You’ll be fine.  Ride straight back the way we came,” Meilyr said.

“Yes, sir.”  With a last look at his father and a nod to Gareth, Gwalchmai spurred away.  Galloping hard, he disappeared around a bend in the road, the echo of the horse’s hooves fading into the distance. 

Gareth canted his head at Meilyr.  “I could have sent one of the men-at-arms, but thought it would be better if Gwalchmai had something to do besides look at dead men.”

“Thank you.”

Gareth restrained his disbelief that Meilyr would thank him for anything and just nodded, not knowing what else to say. 

Gwen had come to rest beside the fallen Anarawd and looked up at Gareth as he approached.  “I can’t believe I spoke to King Anarawd only this morning.  I can’t decide which feels more like a dream, then or now.”

Gareth had no words to comfort her.  “I wish we were dreaming.” He studied the body of the downed king.  Anarawd sported a few gray hairs, but even at forty years old, had the physique of a much younger man, with shoulders used to wearing armor and no sign of a softened belly. 

“Tell me what you wouldn’t speak about in front of the others,” Gwen said.

Trust her to read me that well, even after all these years apart.  Gareth thought for a moment, reliving the scene, and then indicated the rise in the road a hundred yards north of their position.  “I’d just crested the ridge there when the two sides met in force below me.  I could do nothing to help Anarawd, being only one man, so I rode to find the scouting party from Caerhun, led by my friend Madog, whom I’d encountered by the river earlier.”  Gareth shrugged.  “The battle here was over by the time I returned with Madog and the other soldiers.”

They both glanced at the host of men he’d brought.  All wore the red and yellow crest of Gwynedd on their surcoats, as did Gareth himself.  They’d begun to shift the dead men, laying them out side by side on the road.  Gareth knelt beside Gwen, drawing her attention back to him.  “Tell me what you see.” 

Before Gwen’s family had come upon him, Gareth had stripped the armor from Anarawd’s body and pulled open his shirt, exposing the fatal wound, a slender cut between two ribs where his attacker had thrust a blade into Anarawd’s heart.

“It looks…” Gwen hesitated, and then tried again.  “The wound is different from all the others, isn’t it?”  She traced the cut with one finger.  “Narrower.”

“Yes,” Gareth said.  “A sword couldn’t have caused it.”

“A knife, then?”

“One with a notch in the blade.”

Gwen looked more closely.  “That’s why it didn’t cut cleanly?”

“Yes.”

“What do you suppose this means?”

Gareth tugged down Anarawd’s shirt to cover his ruined torso and straightened.  The wind blew through the trees and he listened for unnatural sounds above or beneath it.  Rain had fallen in the night and now that the sun had risen high in the sky, light filtered through the leafy trees and the damp earth gave off an oppressive heat.  “I couldn’t say.  Not yet anyway.”  He studied the ground around Anarawd.  “What I can tell you is that Anarawd didn’t die where he lies.”

Gwen got to her feet too, though her head was still bent and her eyes on Anarawd.  “How do you know?”

“By the lack of blood underneath the body and by the dirt and scuff marks on his toes,” Gareth said.  “Someone dragged Anarawd face down from the place where he was killed.” 

“Why would he drag him face down?”

“So he didn’t have to look at Anarawd’s expression and dwell on what he’d done?” Gareth said. 

Gwen thought about that.  “It would have been easier to drag him by the feet, surely.  Much less awkward.”

“But then the skin on Anarawd’s face or the back of his head, were he face up, would have become marred,” Gareth said.  “Anyone who found him would have asked questions.”

“As it is, the killer didn’t reckon on you.”

Gareth glanced at her, his expression deliberately unreadable, but it didn’t matter since her face remained downturned.  She’d complimented him.  He tried not to wonder if he still meant something to her.  Then he gestured towards Anarawd’s chest.  “From the stains on his shirt, he was standing up when he was stabbed and didn’t bleed out lying on his back.”

“Can you find where he fell?” Gwen said.

“Perhaps.” Gareth traced the perimeter of the battle with his eyes.  “Anarawd knew his killer.  He must have, to have allowed him to get so close.”

“All of a sudden, the quiet feels menacing, doesn’t it?” Gwen said. 

One of the other men approached Gareth.  “The attackers might still be out there, my lord.  They might even return.”

“I know that, Madog.  But Anarawd wasn’t just ambushed.  He was murdered.  I’ll need to examine his body more closely once we reach Aber.  Right now, however, I must survey the area and discover whatever I can before the men trample all the evidence.”

“I’ll come with you,” Gwen said. 

Gareth met Madog’s gaze.  His friend gave him a quick nod before moving away, out of earshot.  “I’m not sure that’s a good idea…” Gareth’s words trailed off as Gwen moved closer to him.

“Hywel trusts me,” she said.  “I can help you.”

Gareth glanced to where Gwen’s father stood, his hands on his hips and his mouth in a thin line, staring at them.  Gareth saw disapproval in his face, but whether he objected to Gwen’s close proximity to him or to the situation they were in, Gareth didn’t know. “And maybe with the two of us working together, we can get this over with more quickly so that you can get to Aber Castle sooner rather than later?”

Gwen nodded her head sharply.

“You’re worried about your father.”

“We’re all worried about this meeting with Owain Gwynedd,” she said.  “King Owain may have invited my father to sing at the wedding, but it was my father who swallowed his pride first and asked for King Owain’s patronage.  Now, with Anarawd’s death, King Owain will be very angry.  How much harder is that going to make his meeting with my father?”

“As I recall, it was a mere spat that shouldn’t have solidified into enmity so easily.”

“You’re right,” she said. 

“Remind me what happened.”  The words came out an order, and he thought to backtrack since it wasn’t his place to order her about, but Gwen only shrugged and told him.

“It was nothing.  After King Gruffydd died, Owain Gwynedd didn’t immediately choose my father to continue in his service as court bard.  My father was offended.”

Gareth smirked.  “That is an image I have no trouble picturing.” 

Gwen made a rueful face.  “So we left.  We’ve returned now only because my brother needs a patron and my father would do anything to find a settled place for him.  We lived among the royal court during all my growing up years.  The king held his hand over us, and that was worth almost any kind of sacrifice, though it could hardly have been called that.  That is something my father would like to establish for Gwalchmai before he dies.”

“Before he—” Gareth couldn’t finish the sentence.  “Your father looks well.”

“He is well.  He’s just feeling morbid.”  Gwen gestured to the bodies.  “Which this will do nothing to help.”

“So Meilyr doesn’t actually want the position of chief bard for himself?” Gareth tried to keep the incredulity out of his voice but didn’t think he was entirely successful.

Gwen shot him a brief smile.  “No.” 

“That’s a tricky position to be in—for everyone—but particularly Gwalchmai, upon whom all your father’s hopes rest.”

“You can see why it would be better to have some idea of who did this when we bring Anarawd’s body to King Owain,” Gwen said.  “Anarawd was the king’s friend and the man who would have been his son-in-law.”

Gareth looked towards Gwen’s father again.  Meilyr had stopped studying them and was rummaging through a satchel in the back of their cart.  “Let’s see what we can find.  And it would be better if we hurried.”

 “Do you think whoever did this will come back, like Madog said?” 

Gareth read real fear in Gwen’s face.  He didn’t like seeing it.  “I assured your brother that they wouldn’t, but—”  Gareth tensed his shoulders and then relaxed them.  Nothing about this day had gone right.  The longer they stood here, the more worried he became.  “This might not be over.  Not by a long shot.”

 

Chapter Three

 

How can it be that he’s here?  Gareth of all people?  As she followed Gareth through the woods, Gwen cursed herself for her muddy hem and unkempt hair—and the fact that instead of greeting him and throwing herself into his arms as she wanted to, she was examining a murder scene for Hywel.  That was so like her and her luck.  How many nights had she lain awake, imagining herself in her best dress, her hair perfectly coifed, singing without mistake for a company of noble lords in a hall.  Halfway through the evening, Gareth would appear and fall in love with her all over again.

It had never happened, of course, and she’d long since given up hope of ever seeing him again.  She’d half-convinced herself that he’d died in some far away land, fighting someone else’s battle.

“What’s this about you spying for Hywel?” Gareth said, as they picked their way among the trees. 

“Who told you that?” Gwen said.

“Gwalchmai,” Gareth said. 

Gwen sighed at her brother’s too-free tongue.  “Hywel’s position in his father’s household has always been precarious.  It was bad when we left and has gotten worse since then.  Not long after I last saw…” she stopped, swallowed, and rushed on, “ … I last saw you, Hywel visited the home of his cousin in Powys and it happened that we played there that winter.  He spoke to me then about keeping an eye out for trouble and I said I’d see what I could do.”

“And have you?” Gareth said.  “Seen what you could do, I mean.”

“I can’t say what value I’ve been to him.  My reports are mostly on the comings and goings of his people, both high and low,” Gwen said.  “Who conspires with whom; who has sued whom over what land; whose marriage bed is colder than it should be.”

“Your father said you’ve been among the dead before.”

“I never thought to involve myself in anything dangerous,” Gwen said.  “But we served in many households, and … things kept happening.  My father was even accused of murder once and it was up to me to find the truth because nobody else would.”

“If I’m ever accused of murder, I would be delighted if you would extend me the same courtesy,” Gareth said.

Gwen smiled, as she was sure he meant her to, but then sobered, looking over her shoulder at the men strewn along the road.  “Nearly two dozen men, all dead, all put to the sword either in battle or once they lay stunned on the ground.  All except Anarawd, who was killed with a knife.” 

Gareth crouched low to the ground.  “Here.”  He brushed away a few fallen leaves to reveal a man’s footprints, clearly embedded in the soft earth.  Further on were more footprints, and then more again.

“How many men in the party, do you think?” Gwen said, glad they could talk about something else, even if it was murder. 

“More than enough to surprise Anarawd’s troop,” Gareth said.  “Anarawd and his men stood little chance, taken unawares as it appears they were.”  He eyed the road and the woods beyond.  “The attackers waited here—probably here and in the trees opposite—for Anarawd’s company to ride past.  King Anarawd and his men would have been unconcerned and unsuspecting of danger.  They were well within the confines of King Owain’s territory and only an hour out of Dolwyddelan.  They’d gone—what?—  four miles at most?”

“Something like that.”  Gwen and her family had ridden that distance at a walk, which was all the horse who drew the cart could manage most days.  They’d left two hours after Anarawd and his men.  That meant the ambush had occurred at least two hours before this moment and more likely three, which made sense since the bodies were still warm, but stiff.  Unmolested, the company would have nearly reached Aber by now.  Gwen pursed her lips as she studied the footprints.  “You knew what to look for,” she said.  “You’ve seen this type of thing before?”

“Ambushes are the easiest way to eliminate a rival,” Gareth said.  “And like yours, my tenure with Hywel has been—”  Gareth paused to glance up at Gwen, an actual smile hovering around his lips as he sought for the proper word, “—irregular.”

“My father told me that you’d hired yourself out to the highest bidder,” Gwen said.  At the renewal of Gareth’s uncanny stillness, she kicked herself for not keeping that question to herself, but she had to know.  “You fought as a mercenary.”

Gareth took in a breath that was almost a curse.  Throughout their conversation, Gwen had found it difficult to look into his face because she was afraid of what she might see there, but now it was impossible.  She scuffled at the fallen leaves and dirt that made up the floor of the forest.  No glint of metal or other indication of men appeared, other than their trampling footprints. 

“That’s true as far as it goes,” he said.  “When I left Prince Cadwaladr’s service, I had nowhere to go.  I was skilled with a sword and such men are always needed in Wales, with the Vikings, the Irish, and the ever-present English hemming us in on every side.”

“I wasn’t criticizing you.” Gwen’s voice went soft. “Just asking.  How long have you worked for Hywel?”

“Almost four years,” he said.  “Despite what your father might think, I’m good at what I do and those for whom I fought recognized it.  Hywel was one of several lords who offered me a permanent place in their teulu.”

“You wear a fine ring,” Gwen said. 

“A gift.” Gareth fisted the hand that wore it. “It was given to me along with my horse when I joined Hywel’s band.  Prince Hywel’s brother, Rhun, knighted me six months ago after a skirmish with the Normans near Chester.”

Six months.  He’s been a knight for six months, and yet … Gwen shook herself and held her tongue.  Five years was a long time to carry the memory of someone in your heart—someone you’d not seen and had no reason to think still loved you.  It wasn’t surprising that he’d not bothered to find her. 

The sharp twang of an untuned note carried through the heavy air.  With his legs swinging nearly to the ground, Meilyr sat in the bed of the cart, holding a lyre.  He could always find comfort with an instrument in his hands.

 “I would have brought more bowmen than the attackers did.”  Gareth turned back to their task.  “I find it odd they had so few.  It seems shortsighted to me.  It makes the success of an ambush less certain.”

“Maybe none of the men our murderer trusted were archers,” Gwen said. 

“Yet he found enough men to do his dirty work,” Gareth said.  “That sounds like a man with noble blood—with power and reach.”

“It doesn’t sound very noble to me,” Gwen said. 

“You and I both know that many ignoble men inspire fierce loyalty in those who serve them,” Gareth said.

“Or fear.”

“Or the lord who ordered this made promises his men thought he could keep.  Damn it.” Gareth spun on one heel to look back to the road.  “We need answers now.  Owain Gwynedd won’t want to wait until some lord’s men are curiously richer or rewarded more than their due.  We will be bringing King Anarawd’s body to him at Aber today.”

Gwen’s heart turned cold at the memory of King Owain’s temper, and then even colder still as another thought struck her.  “What if the man who ordered King Anarawd’s death is Owain Gwynedd?”

09/18/11

Caer Fawr (Iron Age Hill Fort)

Caer Fawr, or ‘The Great Fort’, is the scene of the final battle in The Pendragon’s Quest.  It is an iron age hill fort with extensive fortifications, most of which are hidden now by vegetation.  The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales did a study of Caer Fawr and if you’re interested in the topic, it’s worth downloading:  http://www.rcahmw.gov.uk/LO/ENG/Publications/Electronic+Publications/Gaer+Fawr/

It “occupies a prominent hill 1.4 kilometres to the north of Guilsfield (Cegidfa) and 5.4 kilometres north of Welshpool in the old county of Montgomeryshire, now Powys. The topography of this area is dominated by the River Severn, 4.7 kilometres to the east (Fig. 2). The hills flanking its wide river plain rise gently to the west and more steeply to the east and are cut by the tributary rivers which feed the Severn. A series of prominent hills rises above the general topography, most distinctively the Breidden, at 403 metres above sea level . . .

The site lies in the northern half of a dense band of large?and medium?sized hillforts extending along the border between England and Wales: from the Wye Valley and tributaries of the Severn into the central Marches, and on by way of the Clwydian Range to the North Wales coast . . .

“‘The construction covered at least two main phases. The original hillfort, enclosing about 3 acres, was probably univallate with entrances at the NW and SW ends. The second phase consisted of enlarging the original fort by enclosing a further 3½ acres to the NW side at a lower level. The new outer defences were bivallate and included very complicated entrances on the NE and SW, probably on the sites of the original entrances’ (NMRW: OS 495 Card SJ 21 SW 1). . . .

“The most likely date for this phase of construction is the early Iron Age, between the sixth and fifth centuries BC, the period in which hillfort building took off in the Marches . . . The ‘developed’ form of Gaer Fawr is likely to belong to the middle Iron Age, 400-150  BC. . . .

“One of the most noticeable features of Gaer Fawr is its defences; the scale is huge in contrast to the size of the area enclosed. Useable space totals just over 2 hectares, whereas the hillfort as a whole encompasses just over 6 hectares. As defensive features these would certainly have been imposing and would have been visible for miles, with entrance arrangements clearly designed to control the movement of people, managing both how and who approached.”  In short, Caer Fawr provided the perfect place for Cade, Rhiann, andn their friends to defend Wales against a Saxon advance!

For more about the fort, see the report (again):  http://www.rcahmw.gov.uk/LO/ENG/Publications/Electronic+Publications/Gaer+Fawr/

For a cool video from the BBC:  http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/localhistory/hidden_histories/episode_2_hillfort.shtml

09/15/11

Sunrise of Avalon Launch!

Anna Elliott has released third book in her Twilight of Avalon Trilogy!

Sunrise of Avalon

She is a healer, a storyteller, and a warrior. When Britain is faced with threats both old and new, the strength of her love may be the kingdom’s downfall . . . or salvation.

Their love has overcome endless obstacles. Never ones to shy away from danger, former High Queen Isolde and Trystan, a mercenary with a lonely and troubled past, have already endured a perilous journey to keep the underhanded Lord Marche from the throne of Britain. But now a new traitor lurks amongst the kings on Britain’s High Council—and just when they’ve realized the depth of their love for each other, a new danger calls Trystan from Isolde’s side to test the strength of their secret marriage vow. Only Isolde knows that she is carrying Trystan’s unborn child.

As Britain’s armies prepare for a final battle in which they will either turn back the tide of the invaders or see their kingdom utterly destroyed, Isolde must undertake yet another daring mission—one that will bring her even nearer to a secret that Trystan has kept for seven long years. As the clouds of war gather, Trystan and Isolde must once again fight to protect Britain’s throne. Together, they hold the key that can defeat the Saxon king, Octa of Kent, and Lord Marche. But the cost of Britain’s sovereignty may be their own forbidden love.

Based on the earliest written version of the Arthurian tales, Anna Elliott’s Sunrise of Avalon breathes new life into an age-old legend and brings the story of Trystan and Isolde to an unforgettable end.

Sunrise of Avalon is available everywhere books are sold.  Links:  Barnes and Noble  Amazon

09/13/11

Darkiss Reads reviews The Pendragon’s Quest!

The folks over at Darkiss Reads have posted a wonderful review for The Pendragon’s Quest:

“Sarah Woodbury outdoes herself with “The Pendragon’s Quest”, which I thought was impossible because the first book was so good. I was wrong, this book surpasses the first as the author brings us deeper into Cade’s world and those of his companions. Again I was caught up in the brotherhood of warriors whose mettle was tested time and time again in battle. The story explores and adds more depth to the Characters of Cade’s most trusted Knights; Dafydd, Hywel and Goronwy whose loyalty to King and country could cost them their lives.

We see the true meaning of courage and the will to never surrender flow from the pages of this novel. We see the love grow and strengthen between Cade and Rhiann along with the respect they have for each other and their vulnerably in their need for each other. And last but not least Taliesin who in this story has his own demons to fight, as Cade journeys with him to a place where only few have gone before in search of something that was lost. The author also introduces two new female characters which add depth to certain characters. These subplots within the story all weave together beautifully at the end.

. . . The novel is extremely well written, and Sarah Woodbury is a true Bard in every sense of the world. Her storytelling ability and true to life battle scenes puts her right up there as one of my favorite authors. The cover artwork for her book is amazing and just helps fuel the imagination as the story unfolds as myth and legend come to life. I give this book 5 stars.”

Please see their web page for the rest of the review:  http://www.darkissreads.com/2011/09/pendragons-quest-last-pendragon-saga-by.html

For links to buy it:

http://www.smashwords.com/books/view/84562

Also available at Amazon and Amazon UK

Along with the complete saga as a bundle at http://www.smashwords.com/books/view/87852

and Amazon and Amazon UK

09/11/11

Anglo-Saxon Law (to 1066)

Anglo-Saxon law didn’t come to an end with the coming of William of Normandy in 1066, but it was definitely changed.

Norman law was based in feudalism and heavily influenced by the Church.  Anglo-Saxon law had been developed over a long period of time and while influenced by Christianity in later centuries, was more egalitarian.  It was based on a system of courts, the main one being the ‘hundred court’.  “The hundred court met every four weeks, in the open if possible and usually at a prominent local landmark that gave its name to the hundred. The king’s reeve usually presided over the court. It had many functions, and was a mixture of parish council business meeting, planning enquiry, and magistrates’ court.  . .

Edward the Elder decreed that the hundred courts were to judge the worthiness of every law-suit and to appoint a day for it to be heard and settled. They did not have to hear the case there and then. Above the hundred court was the shire court which met twice a year, usually about Easter and Michaelmas (29th September), and was presided over by the ealdorman, the bishop and the king’s senior reeve in the area, the shire-reeve (or sheriff), with all the major landowners in the shire, or their reeves, present. Law-suits made up only a small part of the shire court’s time, which was filled up with all the other business essential to the smooth running of the shire. Law-suits could be passed up to the shire court from the hundred court, though we are not sure why this would be necessary. Presumably, it would occur in cases where the hundred court was unable to reach a judgement, or where disputes crossed the boundary between two hundreds.”  http://www.regia.org/law.htm

As to the specifics of the laws, compared to the laws in Wales, this following pages have extensive lists of what they actually entailed:  http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/560-975dooms.html

In general, like in Wales, crimes were punishable by fines, more than death or dismemberment (hallmarks of Norman law).  Similarly to Wales, women in Anglo-Saxon England had rights:  “The Law of Cnut stated: “neither a widow nor a maiden is to be forced to marry a man whom she herself dislikes, nor to be given for money, unless he chooses to give anything of his own free will.”  Cnut’s law also specified that if a woman’s husband died before they had any children, she was entitled to one-third of his land (called “dower,” under common English law,) plus her morgegifu (gifts at the time of marriage).  Despite religious expectations, divorce laws were considered lax: Anglo-Saxon King Ecelbert passed specific laws that gave women the right to abandon a marriage if she found it “displeasing.”"  http://research.uvu.edu/mcdonald/Anglo-Saxon/Anglo-Saxon%20Women/mindyMain.html

From my reading, I am unsure as to the actual status of illegitimate children and their inheritance (unlike in Wales, where illegitimate children inherited equally with legitimate ones).  William of Normandy himself was a bastard, but yet inherited in Normandy (and then conquered England), so laws on the subject are not always set in stone.

“The Anglo-Saxon legal system rested on the fundamental opposition between folkright and privilege. Folkright is the aggregate of rules, whether formulated or not, that can be appealed to as an expression of the juridical consciousness of the people at large or of the communities of which it is composed. It is tribal in origin and is differentiated on highly localized bases. Thus, there was a folkright of East and West Saxons, Mercians, Northumbrians, Danes, and Welshmen, and these main folkright divisions persisted even after the tribal kingdoms disappeared in the 8th and 9th centuries. The responsibility for the formulation and application of the folkright rested, in the 10th and 11th centuries, with the local shire moots (assemblies); the national council of the realm, or witan, only occasionally used folkright ideas. . . .

Before the 10th century an individual’s actions were considered not as exertions of his own will but as acts of his kinship group. Personal protection and revenge, oaths, marriage, wardship, and succession were all regulated by the law of kinship. What began as a natural alliance later became a means of enforcing responsibility and keeping lawless individuals in order. As the associations proved insufficient, other collective bodies, such as guilds and townships, assumed these functions. In the period before the Norman Conquest, much regulation was formalized by the king’s legislation in order to protect the individual. In the area of property, for example, witnesses were required at cattle sales, not to validate the sale but as protection against later claims on the cattle. Some ordinances required the presence of witnesses for all sales outside the town gate, and others simply prohibited sales except in town, again for the buyer’s protection.”   http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/25121/Anglo-Saxon-law#

(updating and posting again 9/11/11)

09/8/11

Laws of Hywel Dda

Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good) ruled Wales in the early 900s, one of the few Welsh kings to control the entire country. He maintained peace with Wessex, to the point of minting coins in the English city of Chester. His laws were codifications and a consolidation of the common law in Wales at the time (meaning he didn’t create them out of whole cloth), and provided the foundation for Welsh law until the Norman conquest, when many were abrogated by Edward I. A surviving manuscript (from the thirteenth century) is in the National Library of Wales. It was a ‘pocket’ book, designed for lawyers to carry around in their scrip, rather than left on a library shelf.
You can view it here: http://digidol.llgc.org.uk/METS/lhw00003/physical

The laws are divisible into several categories:

Laws of the Court
These laws set down the rights of the king and rulers of Wales, their order of precedence, ranks, titles, and obligations. It introduces the concepts of insults and fines, according to whom an offence was given. The law used payment as a form of punishment, rather than death, dismemberment, etc., which the Normans instituted in England in 1066. In that respect, Welsh law was similar to Anglo-Saxon law and it is the system of Saxon and Welsh lawyers, infighting, and suing one another that provided the precedence for the modern English/American system, rather than the feudal Norman one.

Laws of the Country

This category was further divided into laws of women, land law, and surety and contracts. Women had more rights and were of higher status than in many European groups (e.g. Norman). For example, a woman was entitled to compensation if her husband beat her for anything other than: “giving away something which she was not entitled to give away, for being found with another man, or for wishing a blemish on her husband’s beard.” (the final article indicates cultural differences between then and now)

Further laws include the consequences for homicide, theft, and fire (usually involving payments to the victim) and setting the ‘value’ of animals, both wild and tame, and for trees, equipment and parts of the human body. “The value of a part of the body was fixed, thus a person causing the king to lose an eye would pay the same as if he had caused a villein to lose an eye.” He would also have to pay sarhad, however, meaning “the payment that was due to a person in the event of an insult or injury, and this varied according to the status of the person concerned, for example the queen or the edling’s sarhad was one third that of the king.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_law

Welsh law was far more humane than Norman law, which was undoubtedly the reason the Archbishop of Canterbury, John Pecham, told Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, the last Prince of Wales, that the laws were inspired by the devil. He was referring, in particular, to the Welsh law that allowed illegimitate sons to inherit land from their father, provided he acknowledged them.

09/4/11

Rushes on the Floor

Everywhere in medieval life, you read about ‘rushes’ on the floor.  I, too, have had an issue with the notion of women in long gowns, walking around on loose rushes, whether or not they were sprinkled with herbs.  Wouldn’t it catch in the dress?   This page has this to say, and started off my inquiry:

“I was completely fascinated to find this page of notes about real life for the upper classes in the Middle Ages, and it addresses one of the things I’ve always wondered about. In fact, I came upon it while specifically searching for information about rushes as floor covering. In this piece, the author rejects the idea of loosely strewn straw-like rushes (in rich households), because of the impracticality of the ladies of the house, with their sweeping gowns, navigating such domestic terrain. She opines that what was actually used were woven mats made of rushes, which seems to make more sense, especially since woven/braided rush mats have been in existence since at least 4000 BC (scroll to the bottom) – and so why wouldn’t these wealthy families have these instead of scattered rushes, at least in all the areas where the family members were likely to frequent?

Could “rushes” just have been shorthand for “rush mats” in some cases where we have recorded references to this practice?”  http://ask.metafilter.com/133591/Skirts-and-Rushes-a-Medieval-Mystery

I think so too, and upon further research, this rush mat notion might be more accurate:

“One reads that “rushes were strewn upon the floor.” I beg leave to doubt that armfuls of loose green stems were cast down ankle-deep, like straw in a stable. This image is supportable only by those who want to make their ancestors seem more brutish so as to elevate themselves. People who walk in stables either are wearing ground-clearing garments, or lift their hems to clear. As an earlier section established, ladies in their homes did no such thing. Not only did women wear trailing gowns, but men wore long robes. Even before hems were exaggerated, the gowns were floor-length and often trained, as were robes and mantles.

Picture what happens if loose rushes were indeed used. The servants bring in loads of green rushes in the spring, and spread them out on the castle floor. Milady arrives, approves the work, then crosses the chamber to go downstairs. A clear swath is cleaned behind her, and the rushes pile up in a roll under her back hem. When she reaches the stairs, or rather when her train does, that bundle is dropped on the top steps and partly dragged down them. The top treads would be buried in rushes in one passage.

Obviously this cannot be the proper interpretation of how rushes were used on the floors of castles.

Herbs, we know, were strewn in handfuls over the rushes, and expected to stay underfoot to scent the air when trod upon. Also, the rushes stayed in the chambers and halls (but not on the stairs) until they were dry and perhaps musty, so that it was very refreshing to change the winter rushes for fresh ones in the spring.

The chief problem is actually that Medieval people had no sense of sociological change. They picture Alexander the Great and the Twelve Apostles in Medieval dress without a qualm, though it is a 1300-year anachronism. They assume their readers know what they are talking about in everyday matters, because of course you live in the same world as they.

I would like to suggest that an important step was left out of their remarks about gathering fresh rushes for floor-covering. When original sources wrote that the rushes should be changed every season, certainly once a year in the spring after planting, they were not recording their behaviors for a foreign (in time) culture: they were advising their peers on good household management as opposed to slovenliness.

The step omitted is that the rushes, once gathered, were made into mats. Then the rush mats, still called rushes, were put on the floor, and herbs sprinkled over them.   River rushes are always specified; mere grass will not do. This is because the rushes are thick, long, and strong: short, fragile grass cannot be made into mats. The rushes were probably coiled by the handful and stitched with the longer rushes, like modern raffia or straw mats, or woven with string, or plaited.”  http://historicalnovelists.tripod.com/medlife.htm

Even better, it is possible to BUY rush mats today, woven in the ‘traditional English fashion’!  Check this out:

“The core of Rush Matters’ work is traditional rush floor matting, also known as medieval matting and apple matting. The rush is plaited by hand, using a ‘nine end flat weave’ into lengths three inches wide, and then hand sewn together with jute twine. Each mat is made individually to the clients requirements as a central mat, runner or fitted as a carpet and can be any size. An ‘eleven end flat weave’ produces a fine one and half inch plait to bind the open ends and this can be used on the sides to fully edge the mat.

The rush flooring is suitable for almost any interior space. Its natural tones, texture and scent is ideal for the interiors of today. Equally, it has fantastic historical and traditional uses in older properties. The matting has been bought by The Frick Gallery of Modern Art in New York and used in film and drama including Ridley Scotts ‘Gladiator’ and the BBC’s docudrama of Winston Churchills interwar years ‘The Gathering Storm’. Devotees of Albert Finney’s work will take this as proof positive that the matting is at least brussel sprout proof!

The National Trust has commissioned matting for the dining room at Winston Churchill’s house at Chartwell, Kent and the long gallery at Montacute House in Somerset. Individual pieces have bee shipped as far afield as New York, Beirut and France.” http://www.rushmatters.co.uk/englishrush.htm